Dale Murray

Position: Pitcher

Bats: Right • Throws: Right

6-4, 205lb (193cm, 92kg)

Born: February 2, 1950 in Cuero, TX us

Draft: Drafted by the Montreal Expos in the 18th round of the 1970 MLB June Amateur Draft from Blinn College (Brenham, TX).

School: Blinn College (Brenham, TX)

Debut: July 7, 1974 (Age 24-155d, 13,511th in major league history)
vs. LAD 3.0 IP, 4 H, 1 SO, 2 BB, 1 ER

Last Game: May 13, 1985 (Age 35-100d)
vs. DET 1.0 IP, 3 H, 0 SO, 0 BB, 2 ER

Rookie Status: Exceeded rookie limits during 1974 season

Full Name: Dale Albert Murray

View Player Info from the B-R Bullpen

Become a Stathead & surf this site ad-free.

SUMMARY

Career

WAR

2.4

ERA

3.85

518

902.1

400

WHIP

1.446

Feel like you're looking for a needle in a haystack?

Unleash the power of our game logs database by becoming a Stathead. Subscribers gain access to Player and Team Game Finders, which pros use to easily run customizable searches through over 100 years worth of game logs.

Become a Stathead

Team Record in Appearances: 19-42 / in Starts: 0-1

Days of Rest

Inning/Score Appearance Matrix

Multiple inning appearances: 40, Entered with runners on base: 26

1977 Pitching Game Log

Click two rows to sum games (Clear)

1977 Pitching Game Log
Rk	Gcar	Gtm	Date	Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
1	177	2	Apr 8	CIN		SDP	W,6-3	8-GF	S(1)	99	1.1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0.00	1.24	5	2	1	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	.78	0.040	1.28	0.04%	0.60	8t --- 2 out a3	9t end a 3
2	178	4	Apr 10	CIN		SDP	L,4-12	8-GF		1	2.0	5	4	4	0	1	0	0	10.80	1.54	11	3	2	0	0	5		0	0	0	0	0	11	1	0	0	0	0	0	.00	-0.002	.01	0.00%	-3.00	8t --- 0 out d8	9t end d12
3	179	7	Apr 13	CIN	@	HOU	L,6-7	6-8	BS(1)	2	3.0	5	1	1	0	0	0	0	7.11	2.11	13	4	4	1	1	5		3	3	0	0	0	12	0	0	0	1	0	0	2.59	-0.062	3.55	-0.05%	-0.85	6b 123 0 out a4	8b 3 out tie
4	180	9	Apr 16	CIN	@	SDP	L,4-5	7-8	BS(2)	2	2.0	2	1	1	1	3	0	0	6.48	1.90	9	2	1	0	0	2		2	2	0	0	0	7	0	1	0	0	1	0	1.86	-0.169	2.54	-0.14%	-1.17	7b 12- 0 out a3	8b 3 out tie
5	181	14	Apr 24	CIN	@	CHC	L,1-7	5-6		7	1.2	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	5.40	2.14	7	2	3	0	0	0		1	1	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	1	.18	-0.010	.14	-0.01%	0.10	5b 1-- 1 out d5	6b 3 out d6
May				Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
6	182	22	May 4	CIN		STL	L,1-8	6-6		9	0.2	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	5.91	2.18	3	0	1	0	0	2		2	1	0	0	0	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	.26	-0.029	.28	-0.02%	-0.82	6t 1-3 1 out d4	6t 3 out d6
7	183	24	May 7	CIN	@	PIT	L,10-12	6-7		2	1.1	3	4	3	1	1	0	0	7.50	2.32	9	3	1	0	0	3		0	0	0	0	0	6	1	0	1	0	1	1	.97	-0.149	.78	-0.07%	-3.68	6b --- 0 out d1	7b -2- 1 out d5
8	184	26	May 9	CIN	@	STL	L,5-6	10-GF(10)	L(0-1)	1	0.0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	8.25	3.41	1	0	0	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.24	-0.366	1.63	-0.16%	-1.00	10b --- 0 out tie	10b end d 1
9	185	29	May 12	CIN	@	STL	L,1-10	6-7		2	1.1	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	8.10	3.56	7	2	2	0	1	2		1	1	0	0	0	6	1	0	0	0	0	0	.06	-0.018	.05	-0.01%	-1.29	6b 1-- 2 out d5	7b 3 out d7
10	186	36	May 21	CIN		NYM	W,8-7	4-6	W(1-1)	8	2.2	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	6.75	3.49	10	5	2	0	0	1		1	0	1	0	0	8	0	0	0	1	0	0	.93	0.162	.60	0.06%	1.52	4t 1-- 1 out d4	6t 3 out tie
11	187	38	May 22(2)	CIN		NYM	L,3-4	7-7	BS(3)	0	1.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	6.35	3.44	4	3	0	0	0	1		1	1	0	0	0	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	2.16	0.010	1.62	0.00%	0.12	7t -2- 0 out a1	7t 3 out tie
12	188	39	May 25	CIN	@	SFG	L,5-6	7-GF(8)		2	2.0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	5.68	3.16	6	2	2	0	1	0		0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	.35	0.052	.26	0.02%	0.97	7b --- 0 out d2	8b end d 1
13	189	40	May 26	CIN	@	SFG	L,5-6	5-7		0	2.2	3	1	1	3	0	0	0	5.40	3.52	11	4	1	0	0	3		3	0	0	0	0	7	1	0	1	2	1	0	1.96	0.098	1.41	0.04%	1.52	5b 123 1 out tie	7b 3 out d1
14	190	41	May 27	CIN	@	LAD	L,3-10	4-5		0	2.0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	4.94	3.71	8	4	2	0	1	0		0	0	0	1	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	1	.43	0.046	.41	0.03%	0.97	4b --- 0 out d4	5b 3 out d2
15	191	44	May 30	CIN		ATL	W,7-3	7-8	W(2-1)	2	2.0	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	4.56	3.60	6	4	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	1	0	0	1.77	0.194	1.12	0.07%	1.00	7t --- 0 out tie	8t 3 out tie
16	192	45	May 31	CIN		ATL	W,5-3	8-GF	W(3-1)	0	2.0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	4.23	3.64	6	4	0	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	2	0	0	1.26	0.125	.97	0.06%	1.00	8t --- 0 out d1	9t end a 2
Jun				Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
17	193	47	Jun 2	CIN		HOU	L,4-6	11-GF(11)	L(3-2)	1	1.0	4	3	3	0	0	0	0	5.02	3.61	7	1	2	0	0	4		0	0	0	0	0	7	1	0	0	0	0	0	2.15	-0.459	2.04	-0.26%	-2.50	11t --- 0 out tie	11t end d 3
18	194	49	Jun 4	CIN		HOU	L,1-8	3-4		1	1.2	4	2	2	0	1	1	0	5.34	3.93	9	4	0	0	0	4		2	2	0	0	0	9	1	0	0	0	0	0	.36	-0.141	.37	-0.09%	-2.10	3t -23 1 out d2	4t 3 out d6
19	195	54	Jun 11	CIN		MON	L,4-6	5-6		6	2.0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	5.01	3.85	8	4	1	0	0	3		2	2	0	0	0	8	1	0	0	1	0	1	.51	0.001	.58	0.00%	0.48	5t -23 0 out d2	6t 3 out d3
20	196	56	Jun 12(2)	CIN		MON	W,14-8	2-4		0	2.2	5	3	1	0	2	1	0	4.89	4.02	13	4	2	0	1	5		2	2	0	1	0	12	2	0	0	0	1	1	.67	-0.240	.68	-0.15%	-2.82	2t 1-3 1 out d2	4t 3 out d4
21	197	59	Jun 15	CIN		PHI	W,8-7	4-5		2	1.1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.71	3.92	4	3	0	0	0	0		2	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	.23	0.024	.29	0.02%	1.00	4t 1-3 2 out d5	5t 3 out d5
22	198	60	Jun 17	CIN	@	MON	W,9-4	8-GF		1	1.2	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	4.50	3.90	7	4	1	0	0	0		1	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	1	.30	0.034	.37	0.03%	0.97	8b 1-- 1 out a4	9b end a 5
23	199	62	Jun 19	CIN	@	MON	L,4-8	7-GF(8)		1	2.0	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	4.28	3.91	9	2	4	1	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	.03	0.004	.04	0.00%	0.94	7b --- 0 out d5	8b end d 5
24	200	63	Jun 20	CIN	@	PHI	L,4-10	4-4		0	1.0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.17	3.84	3	0	1	0	0	1		2	2	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1	0	.91	-0.027	1.11	-0.02%	-0.14	4b 1-3 0 out d2	4b 3 out d4
25	201	65	Jun 22	CIN	@	PHI	L,9-15	5-6		1	1.2	5	2	2	0	0	1	0	4.43	4.10	9	3	1	1	0	5		2	2	0	0	0	9	0	0	0	1	0	0	1.62	-0.418	2.10	-0.33%	-2.56	5b 12- 1 out a2	6b 3 out tie
26	202	69	Jun 26(2)	CIN		LAD	L,3-9	1-3		3	2.2	3	0	0	3	0	0	0	4.17	4.22	13	5	2	0	0	3		2	2	0	0	0	10	1	0	0	1	0	0	.40	-0.038	.93	-0.05%	-0.09	1t 12- 1 out d4	3t 3 out d6
27	203	70	Jun 27	CIN		SFG	L,9-14	7-8		0	2.0	1	1	1	1	2	1	0	4.18	4.41	8	1	3	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	.05	-0.010	.05	-0.01%	0.00	7t --- 0 out d5	8t 3 out d6
28	204	72	Jun 29	CIN		SFG	W,5-4	11-GF(11)	W(4-2)	1	1.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.10	4.37	3	2	1	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.81	0.137	1.54	0.07%	0.50	11t --- 0 out tie	11t end tie
29	205	73	Jun 30	CIN		SFG	W,11-5	8-GF	S(2)	0	1.1	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	3.99	4.25	4	1	1	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	.15	0.016	.12	0.01%	0.60	8t --- 2 out a2	9t end a 6
Jul				Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
30	206	75	Jul 2	CIN	@	SDP	W,6-3	4-7	W(5-2)	1	3.2	6	1	1	3	2	0	0	3.88	4.24	19	4	4	1	0	6		1	0	1	0	0	15	0	0	1	0	1	0	1.82	0.180	1.82	0.11%	0.77	4b 1-- 1 out tie	7b 3 out a2
31	207	79	Jul 6	CIN	@	ATL	W,15-13	4-4		3	0.1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	3.86	4.29	2	1	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.06	0.014	.71	0.01%	0.12	4b --- 2 out tie	4b 3 out tie
32	208	80	Jul 8	CIN	@	HOU	W,8-5	7-GF	S(3)	1	3.0	2	2	2	2	2	0	0	3.97	4.24	13	6	1	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	.39	0.033	.30	0.02%	-0.67	7b --- 0 out a5	9b end a 3
33	209	82	Jul 10	CIN	@	HOU	L,5-6	6-7	H(1)	1	1.2	4	4	4	2	0	0	0	4.47	4.30	11	3	2	1	1	4		0	0	0	0	0	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	.94	-0.048	.91	-0.03%	-0.84	6b --- 0 out a3	7b 123 2 out a3
34	210	84	Jul 12	CIN		ATL	L,3-4	9-GF		1	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.42	4.28	1	0	1	1	0	0		2	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.33	0.062	1.38	0.04%	0.91	9t 12- 1 out d1	9t end d 1
35	211	87	Jul 15	CIN		HOU	W,8-3	7-9	H(2)	2	2.0	3	1	1	2	0	0	0	4.43	4.33	10	3	2	0	1	3		2	1	0	0	0	8	0	0	0	1	0	0	.53	0.113	.51	0.07%	-0.50	7t 1-3 0 out a3	9t 123 0 out a6
36	212	88	Jul 16	CIN		HOU	L,0-8	8-8		0	1.0	2	2	2	1	1	0	0	4.65	4.32	6	2	0	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	.12	-0.025	.14	-0.02%	-1.50	8t --- 0 out d4	8t 3 out d6
37	213	90	Jul 21	CIN	@	PIT	L,2-6	8-GF(8)		4	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.57	4.26	3	2	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	.01	0.001	.01	0.00%	0.50	8b --- 0 out d6	8b end d 6
38	214	91	Jul 22	CIN	@	PIT	L,7-8	9-10		0	1.1	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	4.62	4.28	7	3	1	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	6	0	1	1	0	0	0	2.99	-0.487	2.21	-0.22%	-1.19	9b --- 0 out tie	10b 1-3 1 out tie
39	215	93	Jul 24	CIN	@	STL	L,0-3	8-GF(8)		1	1.0	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	4.68	4.25	6	3	1	1	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	0	.46	-0.097	.33	-0.04%	-1.52	8b --- 0 out d1	8b end d 3
40	216	98	Jul 28	CIN	@	CHC	L,15-16	GS-2		3	1.0	5	6	6	1	1	3	0	5.43	4.83	9	1	3	2	1	3	19			0	0	0	8	2	0	0	0	0	0	.80	-0.368	.34	-0.09%	-5.09	1b start a 6	2b -2- 0 out a1
41	217	100	Jul 29(2)	CIN		STL	L,3-10	2-7		0	5.1	5	0	0	2	3	0	0	5.02	4.68	23	9	4	0	2	5		0	0	0	0	0	21	0	0	0	0	0	0	.02	0.007	.01	0.00%	2.60	2t --- 2 out d9	7t 3 out d9
Aug				Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
42	218	104	Aug 2	CIN		CHC	L,2-5	8-8		3	0.1	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	5.00	4.67	2	0	2	2	0	0		3	3	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2.14	-0.192	.40	-0.02%	-2.23	8t 123 2 out d1	8t 3 out d4
43	219	106	Aug 5(1)	CIN		PIT	L,1-12	4-8		2	5.0	4	2	2	4	1	1	0	4.91	4.84	20	6	5	0	0	4		0	0	0	0	0	16	1	0	0	3	0	0	.00	-0.001	.00	0.00%	0.50	4t --- 0 out d10	8t 3 out d11
44	220	114	Aug 12	CIN	@	SFG	L,3-4	8-GF(8)		6	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.85	4.79	3	1	1	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	.17	0.013	.04	0.00%	0.48	8b --- 0 out d2	8b end d 2
45	221	115	Aug 13	CIN	@	SFG	W,3-1	8-8	W(6-2)	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.83	4.76	1	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	.28	0.007	.06	0.00%	0.10	8b --- 2 out d1	8b 3 out d1
46	222	116	Aug 14(1)	CIN	@	SFG	L,1-6	4-6		0	2.1	4	3	3	1	0	1	0	5.02	4.90	11	4	2	1	1	4		2	0	0	1	0	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	.45	-0.100	.09	-0.01%	-1.54	4b 1-3 2 out d2	6b 3 out d5
47	223	120	Aug 17	CIN		SDP	L,4-7	5-6		2	2.0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	4.90	4.92	7	3	2	2	0	0		2	1	0	0	0	5	0	0	1	0	0	0	.18	0.011	.04	0.00%	1.48	5t -23 0 out d6	6t 3 out d6
48	224	125	Aug 22	CIN		MON	L,1-5	8-GF		4	2.0	2	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.78	4.84	7	3	1	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	7	1	0	0	1	0	0	.14	0.011	.06	0.00%	1.00	8t --- 0 out d4	9t end d 4
49	225	126	Aug 23	CIN		MON	L,2-4	7-8		0	2.0	1	0	0	3	1	0	0	4.67	4.87	10	4	1	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	7	0	0	1	0	0	0	1.11	0.107	.42	0.02%	1.00	7t --- 0 out d1	8t 3 out d1
50	226	132	Aug 29	CIN	@	MON	L,2-7	5-5		5	0.2	3	2	2	0	0	0	0	4.84	4.86	5	1	1	0	0	3		1	1	0	0	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	.62	-0.160	.27	-0.04%	-2.08	5b --3 1 out d1	5b 3 out d4
Sept				Tm		Opp	Rslt	Inngs	Dec	DR	IP	H	R	ER	BB	SO	HR	HBP	ERA	FIP	BF	GB	FB	LD	PU	Unk	GSc	IR	IS	SB	CS	PO	AB	2B	3B	IBB	GDP	SF	ROE	aLI	WPA	acLI	cWPA	RE24	Entered	Exited
51	227	136	Sep 3	CIN	@	PHI	L,3-9	7-GF(8)		4	2.0	4	2	2	1	1	0	0	4.94	4.82	11	5	0	0	0	4		0	0	0	0	0	9	1	0	0	0	0	0	.08	-0.014	.02	0.00%	-0.97	7b --- 0 out d4	8b end d 6
52	228	139	Sep 6	CIN	@	HOU	L,3-8	5-5		2	1.0	2	1	1	0	1	1	0	4.98	4.92	5	1	1	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	.38	-0.054	.03	0.00%	-0.56	5b --- 0 out d2	5b 3 out d3
53	229	140	Sep 7	CIN		SFG	L,3-6	9-GF		0	1.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.93	4.90	4	1	2	2	0	1		0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	.24	0.008	.01	0.00%	0.50	9t --- 0 out d3	9t end d 3
54	230	145	Sep 12	CIN		HOU	L,2-7	6-7		4	2.0	3	2	2	1	1	1	0	5.01	5.00	9	3	1	0	0	3		0	0	1	0	1	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	.35	-0.042	.00	0.00%	-1.00	6t --- 0 out d3	7t 3 out d5
55	231	146	Sep 13	CIN		HOU	L,4-13	2-3		0	1.1	2	1	1	1	0	1	0	5.04	5.14	6	1	2	0	0	2		2	2	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	.19	-0.098	.00	0.00%	-2.07	2t 12- 2 out d4	3t 3 out d7
56	232	147	Sep 14	CIN	@	LAD	W,9-8	9-GF	S(4)	0	1.0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.99	5.11	5	1	2	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.87	0.195	.00	0.00%	0.48	9b --- 0 out a1	9b end a 1
57	233	150	Sep 17	CIN	@	SFG	W,8-6	6-6		2	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4.93	5.07	3	0	2	0	0	0		0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	.37	0.028	.00	0.00%	0.48	6b --- 0 out d2	6b 3 out d2
58	234	151	Sep 18	CIN	@	SFG	L,2-3	8-8	BS(4)	0	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4.90	5.05	3	2	1	0	0	0		2	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1	1	5.26	-0.014	.00	0.00%	0.17	8b 1-3 1 out a1	8b 3 out tie
59	235	153	Sep 21	CIN	@	SDP	W,3-2	7-GF	W(7-2)	2	3.0	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	4.75	4.99	12	6	2	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	11	0	0	0	1	0	1	1.92	0.345	.00	0.00%	1.31	7b --- 0 out d1	9b end a 1
60	236	155	Sep 23	CIN	@	ATL	W,5-1	6-7	H(3)	1	1.2	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	4.68	4.98	7	2	2	0	0	2		2	0	0	0	0	6	0	0	0	1	0	0	2.08	0.172	.00	0.00%	1.51	6b 12- 1 out a3	7b 3 out a3
61	237	156	Sep 24	CIN	@	ATL	W,8-7	9-9		0	0.0	3	3	3	0	0	0	0	4.94	4.98	3	0	0	0	0	3		0	0	0	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.16	-0.173	.00	0.00%	-2.01	9b --- 0 out a4	9b 12- 0 out a3
							19-42		W-L:7-2,Sv:4,BSv:4,Hld:3	1.8	102.0	125	60	56	46	42	13	2	4.94	4.98	457	1.77		6%	4%	119	19	48	63%	3	3	1	398	21	2	6	17	7	8	.87	-1.761	.63	-1.11%	-19.58

Player Page Tricks and Tips

More Murray Pages

Dale Murray Overview

Minor Lg Stats

Pitching Splits

Batting Splits

Pitching Game Logs

Batting Game Logs

Fielding Game Logs

Pitching Finders & Advanced Stats

Batting Finders & Advanced Stats

Fielding Finders & Advanced Stats

Advanced Stats

More Dale Murray Pages at Baseball Reference